Identify the creators of the Job Characteristics Model.

• A. Porter and Kramer
• B. Adams and Vroom
• C. Hackman and Oldham
• D. McGregor and Mayo

Answer: (C)

The main idea being tested is who developed the Job Characteristics Model. Hackman and Oldham created this framework in the 1970s to explain how the design of a job affects motivation, performance, and satisfaction. They identified five core job dimensions—skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback—that shape three critical psychological states: the sense that the work is meaningful, the feeling of personal responsibility for outcomes, and knowledge of the results. When these states are present, motivation and effectiveness tend to improve, and employees are more satisfied with their jobs.

The other names listed are known for different theories and ideas in management and motivation, not the Job Characteristics Model. Porter's work focuses on competitive strategy and value creation (Porter and Kramer), Adams and Vroom are associated with equity and expectancy theories, and McGregor and Mayo relate to Theory X/Y and early Hawthorne studies.