The creators of the Job Characteristics Model are:

• A. Hackman and Oldham
• B. Porter and Kramer
• C. Maslow and Alderfer
• D. Bandura and Skinner

Answer: (A)

The creators of the Job Characteristics Model are Hackman and Oldham. This model shows how certain design features of a job can boost motivation and lead to better performance and satisfaction. The idea is that five core job dimensions—skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback—shape three psychological states in a worker: feeling that the work is meaningful, feeling responsible for the outcomes of the work, and having knowledge of how well the job is being done. When these states are present, people are more intrinsically motivated, perform better, and experience greater job satisfaction, which can also reduce turnover.

The other names listed are known for different theories: Porter and Kramer focus on creating shared value and corporate strategy; Maslow and Alderfer proposed need-based motivation theories (a hierarchy and ERG theory, respectively); Bandura and Skinner are foundational figures in social cognitive theory and behaviorism.