The creators of the Job Characteristics Model are:

• A. Porter and Kramer
• B. Herzberg and McClelland
• C. Maslow and Alderfer
• D. Hackman and Oldham

Answer: (D)

The main concept here is identifying who developed the Job Characteristics Model. Hackman and Oldham created this model, which links specific job design elements to motivation and work outcomes. They propose five core job dimensions—skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback—that shape three psychological states: meaningfulness of the work, responsibility for outcomes, and knowledge of results. When these states are present, intrinsic motivation, satisfaction, and performance tend to improve. The other names mentioned are known for different theories: Porter and Kramer focus on creating shared value, Herzberg and McClelland on motivation theories like the two-factor theory and achievement motivation, and Maslow and Alderfer on needs-based frameworks.