Who created the Job Characteristics Model?

• A. Porter and Kramer
• B. Adams and Vroom
• C. Hackman and Oldham
• D. Bandura and Skinner

Answer: (C)

The idea being tested is how job design influences motivation. The Job Characteristics Model was created by J. Richard Hackman and Greg Oldham. They argued that three key psychological states drive motivation and performance: feeling that a job is meaningful, feeling responsible for the outcomes of the work, and having knowledge of how well the job is being performed. These states arise when a job includes five core dimensions: skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback. When these elements are present, employees are more motivated, perform better, and often experience greater job satisfaction.

Other names in the options are known for different ideas: Porter and Kramer focus on creating shared value; Adams and Vroom relate to equity and expectancy theories; Bandura and Skinner are linked to social cognitive theory and behaviorist learning.